If you have been reading about semax and want a single page that covers the useful parts, this is it: definitions, context, how it is studied, and the questions that come up repeatedly.
Updated 2025-08-16. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. It corresponds to the ACTH(4-7) fragment extended at the C-terminus by a Pro-Gly-Pro tripeptide, an addition intended to slow enzymatic breakdown. The molecular formula is C37H51N9O10S and the molecular mass is approximately 814 daltons. In the literature it is often described as an ACTH(4-10) analog, although that label reflects a naming convention as much as a precise structural relationship. The compound was developed in Russia and remains most closely associated with that research tradition.
Laboratory descriptions of the material are consistent across suppliers. It appears as a white to off-white lyophilized powder that dissolves readily in water and in polar organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide. Aqueous solutions are clear and colorless at low concentrations. Because the peptide contains methionine, oxidation at the sulfur atom is a recognized degradation pathway, and handling notes usually call for protected, desiccated storage. Reported purity for research-grade lots is generally above 95 percent as measured by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.
The compound is registered in Russia as a pharmaceutical product, most commonly formulated as a nasal solution, and has been used in that setting since the 1990s. Outside that jurisdiction it is generally handled as a research chemical rather than an approved medicine. Regulatory status therefore differs sharply between countries, and material sold internationally may not correspond to the Russian pharmaceutical formulation. Documentation with commercial samples is typically limited to a certificate of analysis covering purity and identity, not clinical status or local legal classification.
该化合物于二十世纪八十年代在俄罗斯被开发，相关工作由俄罗斯科学院分子遗传学研究所的研究团队主导。开发目标并非复制 ACTH 的完整激素活性，而是寻找保留其神经作用方向、同时去除促肾上腺皮质激素释放效应的短肽片段。研究记录显示，这一方向促成了多个相关短肽的合成与筛选，而 Semax 是其中被研究最广泛的一个。当地文献常以 Семакс 这一名称指代它。
研究兴趣主要集中在神经营养因子相关的路径上，包括脑源性神经营养因子与神经生长因子的表达变化。部分实验报告称在特定条件下观察到这些因子的水平上升，但具体信号通路和剂量依赖关系仍未完全厘清。多数公开数据来自细胞模型和动物实验，人体对照研究数量有限。因此，该化合物的作用机制在文献中属于活跃讨论，而非已经确立的定论。
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular formula | C37H51N9O10S | Contains one methionine sulfur atom |
| Molecular mass | Approximately 814 Da | Consistent with a seven-residue peptide |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typical lyophilized form |
| Solubility | Freely soluble in water | Also soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide |
| Typical storage | -20 °C, desiccated | Limits methionine oxidation |
Regulatory status varies sharply by country. Semax is registered for medical use in Russia, where it appears in formularies as a nasal solution, and it also holds registration in a small number of neighbouring states. It has no approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency, and it is not a scheduled controlled substance in most jurisdictions. Elsewhere it circulates mainly as laboratory material, so purity documentation comes from suppliers rather than from a national pharmacopoeia.
Semax is a synthetic peptide created in the Soviet Union during the early 1980s by researchers working in Moscow. It was built from the short adrenocorticotropic hormone fragment known as ACTH(4-10), and the chain was then extended with three additional amino acids. The resulting molecule was named semax and entered clinical use in Russia in 1994. It is generally described as a nootropic and neuroprotective agent rather than as a hormone analogue.
The parent fragment ACTH(4-10) carries the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly. Semax replaces the arginine and tryptophan positions with a proline-glycine-proline tail, giving Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. That change removes residues associated with adrenal stimulation, so the peptide does not drive cortisol release the way full ACTH does. This distinction shapes how the compound is grouped in the literature, where it sits with neuropeptides and peptide neuromodulators rather than with corticosteroids.
Terminology around the compound varies by source. It appears in catalogues and papers as Semax, as the heptapeptide ACTH(4-7)-Pro-Gly-Pro, and under various alphanumeric laboratory codes used by individual suppliers. These names refer to the same sequence but may imply different salt forms, purity grades, or counter-ions. Peptide databases usually list the free base mass, while product descriptions sometimes report acetate or trifluoroacetate salts with a different formula weight. Because naming conventions for research peptides are not standardised across vendors, checking the declared sequence and measured mass is more reliable than relying on a trade name alone.
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. Its design combines the ACTH(4-7) core fragment with a C-terminal Pro-Gly-Pro extension, a modification intended to improve stability and prolong activity. The molecule is hydrophilic, carries no lipid chains or glycosylation, and has a theoretical mass just over 810 daltons in its free form. All seven residues are proteinogenic amino acids, so no non-natural building blocks appear in the backbone. A free N-terminal methionine and C-terminal proline define the unmodified parent peptide.
Later generations of the molecule include an N-acetylated form and an amidated form, both marketed online alongside the parent peptide. These variants differ in terminal chemistry and stability, and they are frequently discussed in the same breath even though they have not been compared in controlled trials. Supply outside formal healthcare systems comes largely from laboratories that synthesize peptides to order. Purity and identity of these materials vary widely, and no single body oversees the international trade.
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide developed in the Soviet Union during the 1980s by researchers at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Moscow. It was designed as a truncated analog of adrenocorticotropic hormone, retaining only the fragment spanning residues four through ten. Investigators sought a peptide that would preserve the cognitive effects associated with ACTH while eliminating the hormonal stimulation of the adrenal cortex. The compound entered clinical use in Russia during the following decade.
Russian regulatory authorities approved the peptide for nasal administration, and it remains listed in the national pharmacopoeia under several trade names. Documented indications include acute ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attacks, traumatic brain injury, and certain ophthalmological and neurological conditions. Physicians also prescribe it for cognitive complaints in older patients, although the evidence base for that use is thinner. Outside Russia and a few neighboring states, the substance is not an approved medicine and is sold instead as a research chemical.
==== European Union ==== The European Board of Internal Medicine (EBIM) was formed as a collaborative effort between the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS) - Internal Medicine Section and the European Federation of Internal Medicine (EFIM) to provide guidance on standardizing training and practice of internal medicine throughout Europe. The EBIM published training requirements in 2016 for postgraduate education in internal medicine, and efforts to create a European Certificate of Internal Medicine (ECIM) to facilitate the free movement of medical professionals with the EU are currently underway. The internal medicine specialist is recognized in every country in the European Union and typically requires five years of multi-disciplinary post-graduate education. The specialty of internal medicine is seen as providing care in a wide variety of conditions involving every organ system and is distinguished from family medicine in that the latter provides a broader model of care the includes both surgery and obstetrics in both adults and children.
Ulrich Hersel; Claudia Dahmen; Horst Kessler (2003). "RGD modified polymers: biomaterials for stimulated cell adhesion and beyond". Biomaterials. 24 (24): 4385–4415. doi:10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00343-0. PMID 12922151. Wikidata Q34223126. Marco Arnold; Elisabetta A Cavalcanti-Adam; Roman Glass; Jacques Blümmel; Wolfgang Eck; Martin Kantlehner; Horst Kessler; Joachim P Spatz (2004). "Activation of integrin function by nanopatterned adhesive interfaces". ChemPhysChem. 5 (3): 383–388. doi:10.1002/cphc.200301014. PMID 15067875. Wikidata Q44832858. Kessler, Horst (July 1982). "Conformation and Biological Activity of Cyclic Peptides". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 21 (7): 512–523. doi:10.1002/anie.198205121. ISSN 0570-0833. Dechantsreiter MA; Planker E; Mathä B; Lohof E; Hölzemann G; Jonczyk A; Goodman SL; Kessler H (1999). "N-Methylated cyclic RGD peptides as highly active and selective alpha(V)beta(3) integrin antagonists". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 42 (16): 3033–3040. doi:10.1021/jm970832g. PMID 10447947. Wikidata Q30580638. Elisabetta A Cavalcanti-Adam; Tova Volberg; Alexandre Micoulet; Horst Kessler; Benjamin Geiger; Joachim Pius Spatz (2007). "Cell spreading and focal adhesion dynamics are regulated by spacing of integrin ligands". Biophysical Journal. 92 (8): 2964–2974. doi:10.1529/biophysj.106.089730. PMC 1831685. PMID 17277192. Wikidata Q30479140. Kessler, Horst (2023). NMR: Mein Kompass in der Organischen und Medizinischen Chemie [NMR: my compass in organic and medicinal chemistry]. Berlin: GNT Publishing GmbH. ISBN 978-3-86225-132-2.
== Reactions == Menthol reacts in many ways like a normal secondary alcohol. It is oxidised to menthone by oxidising agents such as chromic acid, dichromate, or by calcium hypochlorite, in a green chemistry route. Under some conditions the oxidation using Cr(VI) compounds can go further and break open the ring. Menthol is easily dehydrated to give mainly 3-menthene, by the action of 2% sulfuric acid. Phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5) gives menthyl chloride.
Apadoline (INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name; developmental code name RP-60180) is a κ-opioid receptor agonist and experimental analgesic which was under development for the treatment of cancer pain but was never marketed. It produces effects and adverse effects in humans including analgesia, drowsiness, and headache, among others. Its affinities (Ki) for the opioid receptors are 0.55 nM for the κ-opioid receptor, 11.4 nM for the δ-opioid receptor, and 57 nM for the μ-opioid receptor. Apadoline was first described in the scientific literature by 1990. It was under development by Rhône-Poulenc in the 1990s and reached phase 2 clinical trials prior to the discontinuation of its development. An analogue with greater potency, RP-61127, has also been described.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Menu == Fridays has a large menu with an emphasis on alcoholic beverages. These drinks come in liquid as well as frozen form and TGI often runs specials or creates unique drinks based on seasonality and location. TGI Fridays formerly served Atkins-approved appetizers, entrées, and desserts. In 2006, the Atkins name was removed from the menu when Atkins filed for bankruptcy, but the restaurant continues to offer both low-carbohydrate and low-fat menu items. The UK and US menus offer gluten-free items.
== Further reading == Kremyanskaya M, Ginzburg YZ, Hoffman R (March 2026). "Modulators of the hepcidin pathway in polycythemia vera and myelofibrosis". Blood. 147 (12): 1278–1288. doi:10.1182/blood.2025028643. PMID 41100735.
== Atomic number == Before 1913, chemists adhered to Mendeleev's principle that chemical properties derived from atomic weight. However, several places in the periodic table were inconsistent with this concept. For example cobalt and nickel seemed reversed. There were also attempts to understand the relationship between the atomic mass and nuclear charge. Rutherford knew from experiments in his lab that helium must have a nuclear charge of 2 and a mass of 4; this 1:2 ratio was expected to hold for all elements. In 1913 Antonius van den Broek hypothesized that the periodic table should be organized by charge, denoted by Z, not atomic mass and that Z was not exactly half of the atomic weight for elements. This solved the cobalt-nickel issue. Placing cobalt (Z=27, mass of 58.97), before the heavier nickel (Z=28, mass of 58.68) gave the ordering expected by chemical behavior. In 1913–1914 Moseley tested Broek's hypothesis experimentally by using X-ray spectroscopy. He found that the most intense short-wavelength line in the X-ray spectrum of a particular element, known as the K-alpha line, was related to the element's charge its atomic number, Z. Moseley found that the frequencies of the radiation were related in a simple way to the atomic number of the elements for a large number of elements.
==== Sexuality ==== Hitchens was a supporter of gay rights. He opposed sodomy laws and supported same-sex marriage. He argued that the legalization of same-sex marriage was the "socialization of homosexuality" and "demonstrates the spread of conservatism" among the gay community. Hitchens was a genital integrity activist, strongly criticizing the tradition of both male circumcision and female genital mutilation. In accordance with his antitheism, Hitchens described the tolerance of metzitzah b'peh (a Jewish tradition of sucking blood from the penis after the removal of the male foreskin) as "another disgusting religious practice".
Neutrophil hypersegmentation can be defined as the presence of neutrophils whose nuclei have six or more lobes or the presence of more than 3% of neutrophils with at least five nuclear lobes. This is a clinical laboratory finding. It is visualized by drawing blood from a patient and viewing the blood smeared on a slide under a microscope. Normal neutrophils are uniform in size, with an apparent diameter of about 13 μm in a film. When stained, neutrophils have a segmented nucleus and pink/orange cytoplasm under light microscope. The majority of neutrophils have three nuclear segments (lobes) connected by tapering chromatin strands. A small percentage have four lobes, and occasionally five lobes may be seen. Up to 8% of circulating neutrophils are unsegmented (‘band’ forms). The presence of hypersegmented neutrophils is an important diagnostic feature of megaloblastic anaemias. Hypersegmentation can also be seen in many other conditions, but with relatively less diagnostic significance. Hypersegmentation can sometimes be difficult to assert, as inter-rater reliability of lobe count is poor, and as expected levels of segmentation may vary with race. A 1996 study performed in the United States found that neutrophil segmentation was higher among people of black ancestry than other groups tested.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Unit I – Bonthapally: The primary manufacturing hub situated in Bonthapally village, Medak District, Telangana, with multiple production blocks including kilo labs and quality assurance laboratories. It holds approvals from major regulatory agencies and supports commercial API production. Unit II – Pashamylaram: A large-scale manufacturing facility comprising multiple production blocks, an engineering workshop, and warehouses. Unit III – Gaddapotharam: A multi-product facility designed for advanced intermediates and APIs, with analytical development and pilot plant capabilities. R&D Centre – Bonthapally: Research and development centre with a team of approximately 360 scientists, pilot labs, and analytical capabilities to catalyze process development and technology transfer.
== Taxonomy == Papaver somniferum was given its accepted name by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus on page 508 of his Species Plantarum in 1753. It is classified in the genus Papaver within the larger family Papaveraceae. It has two accepted subspecies and one natural hybrid between them:
=== Digestibility-corrected AAS, DIAAS === DIAAS considers the profile of the essential amino acids that are actually absorbed. This value is calculated by estimating the amount of each EAA absorbed in the "test protein" by comparing how much of each EAA went into the mouth and how much was pumped out of the end of the small intestines. This was then turned into a profile Ai by dividing the amounts in milligrams of each EAA with the grams of the test protein eaten. From then on, the calculation is similar:
The term behavioral addiction refers to a compulsion to engage in a natural reward despite adverse consequences. Addiction can exist without psychotropic drugs, an idea that was popularized by psychologist Stanton Peele. These are termed behavioral addictions. Such addictions may be passive or active, but they commonly contain reinforcing features, which are found in most addictions. Sexual behavior, eating, gambling, playing video games, and shopping are all associated with compulsive behaviors in humans and have been shown to activate the mesolimbic pathway and other parts of the reward system. Diagnostic manuals recognize only some of these as disorders. Gambling disorder is the only behavioral addiction classified as a clinical disorder in the DSM-5-TR, which lists internet gaming disorder as a condition requiring further study; the ICD-11 classifies both gambling disorder and gaming disorder as disorders due to addictive behaviors. Compulsive sexual behavior disorder, compulsive buying–shopping disorder, and problematic use of social media are discussed in the research literature as candidate addictive disorders, but are not classified as addictions in either manual.
===== Triangular nanoprisms ===== Triangular-shaped nanoparticles are a canonical type of anisotropic morphology studied for both gold and silver. Though many different techniques for silver nanoprism synthesis exist, several methods employ a seed-mediated approach, which involves first synthesizing small (3-5 nm diameter) silver nanoparticles that offer a template for shape-directed growth into triangular nanostructures. The silver seeds are synthesized by mixing silver nitrate and sodium citrate in aqueous solution and then rapidly adding sodium borohydride. Additional silver nitrate is added to the seed solution at low temperature, and the prisms are grown by slowly reducing the excess silver nitrate using ascorbic acid. With the seed-mediated approach to silver nanoprism synthesis, selectivity of one shape over another can in part be controlled by the capping ligand. Using essentially the same procedure above but changing citrate to poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) yields cube and rod-shaped nanostructures instead of triangular nanoprisms. In addition to the seed mediated technique, silver nanoprisms can also be synthesized using a photo-mediated approach, in which preexisting spherical silver nanoparticles are transformed into triangular nanoprisms simply by exposing the reaction mixture to high intensities of light.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is registered as a pharmaceutical product in Russia, where it is typically supplied as a nasal solution. In most other countries it is not an approved drug and is traded as a research chemical instead. Approval status depends entirely on the jurisdiction involved.
Most published work uses intranasal administration, matching the route of the registered Russian formulation. Some animal experiments use intravenous or intraperitoneal injection. The route matters because the intact peptide is cleared rapidly from blood, so exposure differs between methods.
A purity value describes the share of the powder accounted for by the target peptide, usually by high-performance liquid chromatography. It does not confirm that the sequence is correct, which requires mass spectrometry or amino acid analysis. Purity and identity are separate checks.
不是。Semax 是完全人工合成的七肽，自然界中没有对应的已知肽段。它的设计灵感来自促肾上腺皮质激素片段 ACTH(4-10)，但序列经过了替换和延长。